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Proton returns to flight with a secret Olymp satellite For the first time since its failure on May 16, 2014, a Russian workhorse rocket delivered a payload into space on September 28, this time a hush-hush satellite apparently camouflaged as a civilian payload. 
A Proton rocket lifts off in the early hours of Sept. 28, 2014, with the first Olymp (a.k.a. Luch) satellite.
Preparations and launch This mission was previously scheduled to lift off at the end of May 2014 and, following the May 16 Proton accident, it was initially postponed to July 8. On August 26, Roskosmos announced that specialists from GKNPTs Khrunichev had been installing thermal protection layers on the Briz-M stage at Site 92-50 in Baikonur, while the center's personnel was configuring the launch pad at Site 81 for the upcoming mission. The statement also said that the Luch spacecraft was developed at ISS Reshetnev. On Sept. 4, 2014, Roskosmos reported that the launch vehicle, the upper stage, the payload fairing and the spacecraft had undergone autonomous checks and were all ready for integration. The assembly was completed by September 19. Two days later, the complete vehicle was moved to the fueling station for loading the upper stage with propellant and pressurized gases. The launch vehicle was then rolled out to launch pad No. 24 at Site 81 on September 23. Several hours before the expected liftoff, Roskosmos announced that the State Commission overseeing the launch had given the green light to the fueling of the vehicle with propellants. At the same time, the launch contractor removed information about the scheduled time of the launch from its web site and never made public a live broadcast of the liftoff.
Proton rocket with the Olymp (a.k.a. Luch) spacecraft shortly after its rollout to the launch pad on Sept. 23, 2014. The rocket featured a logo of the Russian civilian space agency, Roskosmos, even though its mission had a purely military nature. The Proton-M rocket with a Briz-M upper stage lifted off as scheduled on Sept. 28, 2014, at 00:23:00 Moscow Time (4:23 p.m. EDT on Sept. 27). The launch vehicle was carrying a classified payload known as Olymp-K ("Olympus") but also identified as Luch ("Beam"). Roskosmos confirmed the launch around 10 minutes after the scheduled liftoff time and announced that the separation of the satellite from the upper stage was scheduled for 09:26 Moscow Time on September 28 (1:26 a.m. EDT). The successful separation was also confirmed minutes after its scheduled time. The spacecraft, developed at ISS Reshetnev in Zheleznogorsk, was inserted into a geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers above the Equator, where it might provide communications on the ground and likely serve as a data relay station for military satellites when they are orbiting the Earth beyond the range of ground stations. According to sources, the Olymp spacecraft might use a cutting edge laser-communication system to relay data from low-orbiting spy satellites to ground control. In 2013, it was disclosed that the latest version of Russia's flagship reconnaissance satellite — Persona-3 — would carry a laser data-transmission system, BA MLSPI, which enables it to send information to the ground via a special relay satellite located in geostationary orbit. In this capacity, Olymp could replace the old-generation Garpun military data-relay spacecraft. In addition, the Moscow-based Kommersant daily claimed that the satellite would also be used for electronic espionage for the Russian security service, FSB, however the report was widely doubted by observers. The newspaper did not provide any technical details or background information to back up that claim. The report could stem from recent Russian efforts to develop a large-scale deployable antennas for satellites. At the beginning of November 2014, the Moscow Physics Technology Institute, MFTI, announced that "in October (2014) propulsion clusters equipped with Hall-type plasma engines hasd begun operating in space onboard a spacecraft developed at ISS Reshetnev." The development of this new-generation Hall thrusters started at the Moscow-based Keldysh center 9.5 years earlier under the direction of Oleg Gorshkov (who later went to work at MFTI), the institute said. Given the timing and the wording (avoiding mentioning the satellite's name) in the press-release, it obviously referred to the Olymp spacecraft. What's in the name? This web site first broke the story about the existence of the Olymp payload in 2013, even though semi-official reports about the planned launch of a military communications satellite, such as the already known Globus-1, had circulated earlier. Still, the apparent introduction of a new name could hint a significant upgrade of the Globus-1 spacecraft or even at an entirely new design. Moreover, evidence was mounting that the primary purpose of the spacecraft was data relay rather than communications. As it turned out, a number of prominent Russian space industry contractors had previously reported delivering components for the Olymp-K satellite in their public documents. The companies involved in the project included ISS Reshetnev, Geofizika, LOMO and NPO Kvant. It also appeared that the spacecraft could have the development designation 14K166. The official Russian documentation also disclosed that ISS Reshetnev had developed the 11K166 spacecraft for the Russian Ministry of Defense. The satellite was based on the Yamal platform and was designed to operate in geostationary orbit for 15 years. Given the fact that the name Olymp surfaced as Russia was gearing up to host the Olympics in Sochi, one could speculate that it had been assigned quite recently to a new-generation military satellite. Soviet space history knows a few examples when the vehicle developed under a numeric code would receive a proper name shortly before reaching the launch pad. During the post-Soviet period, the Russian Ministry of Defense has routinely declassified names for past and even current military satellites, while keeping most other details about their missions under wraps. In addition, most Russian military payloads would be officially identified after entering orbit as Kosmos with a number. However, in the case of Olymp everything was different. At the beginning of 2014, to the surprise of many observers, the Russian civilian space agency, Roskosmos, suddenly announced the upcoming mission as carrying a Luch satellite. The Luch, of course, are civilian data-relay satellites and all the existing spacecraft in the current Luch-5 constellation have been accounted for. As a result, the apparent decision by Roskosmos to give a new public name to the Olymp satellite could be a late and rather clumsy attempt to camouflage a military payload within a civilian constellation, which might or might not have a purpose similar to its unexpected military cousin. In any case, the differences between Olymp and Luch are obvious. Civilian Luch satellites were light enough to share a ride on Proton with another payload, while the spacecraft formerly known as Olymp is launched alone, betraying a much larger size! Moreover, numerous images of each Luch satellite during their development and pre-launch processing were released. Obviously, no visuals of the latest payload have been made available so far. Moreover, a special partition was erected around the Olymp satellite during its pre-launch processing at Site 92-50 in Baikonur to prevent foreign engineers involved in other Proton missions to see the highly classified payload. Finally, all Luch satellites had numbers, while the latest spacecraft is carrying none. Possibly, the Luch cover-up campaign was a response to the accidental disclosure of the name Olymp, even though the code-name in itself provides no practical information on the purpose of its carrier. The strange misinformation campaign appeared to be continuing after the launch. The official Russian media was describing tasks of the satellite as supporting communications operations of the International Space Station and correcting the navigation signals of the GLONASS satellites. On Sept. 29, ISS Reshetnev issued a statement about the launch with a description of a Luch-5-series satellite. The spacecraft was also identified as Kosmos-2501 at one point, even though that designation was eventually assigned to a follow-on GLONASS satellite. Olymp's moves mirror deployments of the Russian Navy 
Positioning of the Olymp satellite in the geostationary orbit during 2015. Upon reaching geostationary orbit on Sept. 28, 2014, Olymp appeared at 55 degrees East longitude over the Equator, however within a day or two, NORAD radar spotted the satellite at 57 degrees East, as it continued slowly moving eastward at a rate of 1.4 degrees per day. By October 6, 2014, Olymp passed 65 degrees East longitude, however, by the middle of October, it slowly reversed direction and after some westward movement stopped at 54 degrees East, where Russia had no internationally registered parking position. Not surprisingly, Olymp was soon on the move again, making a short stop at 53 East, reserved for the Ekspress-AM6 communications satellite and passing 52.8 degrees East longitude by the end of December 2014. In the first 10 days of February 2015, Olymp passed 78 degrees East longitude, while also descending by 260 kilometers and entering a perfectly circular orbit. The satellite was now moving unusually fast, covering 3.5 degrees per day. By February 11, the satellite passed 83 degrees East longitude as its movement started slowing down to half of its original rate. By mid-February 2015, the satellite passed 92 degrees East and continued moving. Ironically, it now ended up in the vicinity of its non-classified namesake — Luch-5V. The satellite finally arrived at its operational position at 96.4 degrees East longitude around February 21, 2015. By June 25, 2015, Olymp moved to an orbital position 18 degrees West, where it remained until September. On Sept. 25, 2015, the satellite departed that position as well. According to veteran space analyst Jonathan McDowell, the satellite had already attracted the attention of the US intelligence. The spacecraft reportedly behaved similarly to classified US satellites. Unofficial reports confirmed that Olymp used xenon gas-powered electric engines known to be onboard the satellite for its mysterious maneuvers. Observers also noticed that the movements of the Olymp satellite match the activities of the Russian Navy. The long pause of the spacecraft over the Indian Ocean in the first half of 2015 coincided with the trip into the region of the submarine destroyer Admiral Panteleev. Accompanied by the Pechenga tanker and the SB-522 tug, the Admiral Panteleev left Russia in February and returned home in Vladivostok in August, after sailing through the Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the journey, the flotilla visited Thailand, Malaysia, Sri-Lanka, Singapore and Vietnam. During the summer of 2015, when the Olymp stopped over the Atlantic Ocean, the Moskva missile cruiser, the flagship of the Russian Black Sea fleet, operated in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic. At the beginning of June, the vessel participated in a joint Russian-Egyptian exercise and in July, the flotilla moved to the Atlantic, dropping by in Luanda, Angola, and Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. In mid-July, the Moskva fired a cruise missile at a simulated sea-based target in the Eastern Atlantic. The ship also fired anti-aircraft missiles of the Fort system. The Moskva had arrived at Sevastopol, Ukraine, in August 2015, before the Olymp started moving again. If not a coincidence, it is possible to conclude that the Olymp might be used to provide communications for the Russian Navy and, possibly, relay data from Russian sea-based missiles. Olymp-1 was stationed over 18 degrees West longitude from June 25 to Sept. 25, 2015, after which it began its fourth move, slowly drifting westward during the rest of 2015. By that time, it was reported to be attracting attention of the Western intelligence services, which believed that the spacecraft had been involved in intercepting communications from nearby satellites. By mid-January 2016, Olymp-1 positioned itself at 1 degree West longitude, as close as 90 kilometers to the Intelsat-10-02 communications satellite. At the end of August 2016, Olymp shifted east and then resumed its easterly drift in August 2017. According to the French Ministry of Defense, during 2017, the Russian spacecraft eavesdropped on the communications of the Franco-Italian Athena-Fidus satellite. During 2018 and 2019, Olymp continued its easterly drift with periodic "stops" near various geostationary satellites. For example, on Aug. 17, 2019, Olymp began moving again and in early September 2019, positioned itself near the Intelsat-17 satellite. By mid-February 2021, Olymp-K had changed locations 25 times in geostationary orbit, arriving at 8.1 degrees West longitude on February 17. Olymp-1 disintegrates in graveyard orbit 
At the end of March 2025, Olymp-1 left its position at 18 degrees West longitude, where it was sitting for around 2.5 years next to the Intelsat-37E communications satellite, and started drifting eastward at a rate of 0.5 degrees per day. By early September 2025, the spacecraft re-adjusted its orbit back to a geostationary altitude, fixing its position over 65.5 degrees East longitude, but its orbital plane naturally tilted to 1.14 degrees from the equatorial plane, indicating that ground control no longer performed necessary adjustments, perhaps due to lack of propellant. After around a month at geostationary altitude, in October 2025, Olymp-1 climbed several hundred kilometers into a seemingly "burial" orbit at the end of its mission. It therefore operated for nearly 11.5 years, or less than the standard 15-year life span of geostationary satellites, which could be explained by extensive maneuvers that resulted in rates of propellant consumption not typical for satellites in this class. On Jan. 30, 2026, Switzerland-based s2a Systems, specialized in space situational awareness, reported that Olymp had started tumbling in its graveyard orbit and additional objects had been detected in the vicinity of the satellite. The company said that the fragmentation took place at 06:09:03.486 UTC on Jan. 30, 2026. On Feb. 5, 2026, s2a elaborated that its observations first showed an "increase in luminosity (of the spacecraft), which was probably caused by venting (of gas) or fuel loss," lasting for several seconds. Two seconds later, the first debris appeared, moving radially from the satellite, according to the company. Several other flashes of a varying intensity followed in the following minutes, at 06:14:16, at 06:16:24, at 06:20:32, at 06:22:07, at 06:44:14 (the largest plume), at 06:45;46 and, finally at 06:48:48 UTC. Right thereafter, the s2a observations showed the tumbling of the satellite, which increased overtime, especially after events at 06:22:59 and at 06:45:46 UTC. In the following days, the tumbling of the satellite was measured at a period of 27.9 seconds. S2a said it was able to detect 18 pieces of debris and continued tracking at least one fragment, accompanied by two potential pieces. The company said that its observation of the satellite at the time of its disintegration event had been accidental and that it continued the analysis of the event. 
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