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Soyuz launches on a military mission A Soyuz-2-1b rocket launched a classified payload from the Plesetsk, north of Moscow, on Nov. 25, 2023, seemingly after a two-day delay.
Soyuz rocket mission on Nov. 25, 2023, at a glance:
In mid-November 2023, Russian authorities issued a warning to air and sea traffic about an upcoming rocket launch between Nov. 23 and Nov. 27, 2023. It restricted several areas off the Russian Northern coast for impact of rocket components, which matched the ascent trajectory to an orbit with an inclination around 97 degrees toward the Equator. On Nov. 25, 2023, or two days after the opening of the launch window, the Russian Ministry of Defense and Roskosmos announced that a Soyuz-2-1b rocket had lifted off from Plesetsk at 23:58:07 Moscow Time (3:58 p.m. EST) and successfully delivered a military satellite. The official statement from the Ministry of Defense said that the spacecraft had been successfully inserted into its planned orbit and that it had been taken under control by ground assets of the Russian Air and Space Forces, VKS. The spacecraft maintained stable communications with ground control and its systems functioned nominally, the military said.
The expected ground track of the ascent trajectory for Soyuz rocket during launch on Nov. 25, 2023. Although the ascent trajectory of the flight seemingly resembled the launches of the Bars-M military cartography satellites, subsequent developments hinted a different mission. The US Space Force cataloged two objects in a 302 by 318-kilometer with an inclination 96.6 degrees toward the Equator, which were identified as Kosmos-2572 and the rocket stage (even though the Russian authorities had not yet released the official designation of the payload at the time):
The satellite was in a Sun synchronous orbit passing the ascending node (a point where the ground track of the orbit crosses the Equator from the Southern to Northern hemisphere) at 12:30 local time. (The Sun-synchronous orbit is often chosen to provide imaging satellites with consistent lighting conditions of photographed areas below their flight path.) In the days following the launch, the tracking data indicated that the newly launched spacecraft had been losing altitude faster than the spent stage that delivered it into orbit. Barring the US Space Force mixing up the spacecraft and the rocket, it looked counterintuitive because the large empty booster would presumably encounter more friction from the rarified air at that altitude than would its more compact cargo. In the meantime, there were no signs of the orbit-raising maneuver typically performed by Bars-M satellites within a few days after the launch. However, in early December 2023, there were signs that the orbit of the spacecraft (identified by the US Space Force as Object A) started decaying slower than before. The descent rate of more than one kilometer per day fell to just around half a kilometer per day by Dec. 4, 2023, possibly hinting the activation of the some kind of low-thrust propulsion system aboard the satellite such as ion engine, counteracting the decay, or the placement of the satellite into an attitude that help reduce the atmospheric drag. In the meantime, the presumed empty stage (Object B) from the mission continued spiraling down slightly more than half a kilometer per day. One possible passenger for the Nov. 25, 2023, launch was the Razdan 14F156 imaging satellite. Like Bars-M, it was known to be under development at RKTs Progress in Samara during the 2010s, as a replacement to the aging Persona reconnaissance satellites. The fact that the new satellite was launched on a more powerful Soyuz-2-1b rocket variant than the 2-1a version used in Bars-M missions also pointed toward a heavier payload in a similar class as the seven-ton civilian Resurs-P imaging satellite. The payload fairing used in the Nov. 25, 2023, launch appeared to be common for both Bars-M and Resurs-P missions. Like Resurs-P, Razdan was believed to be an optical-electronic imaging satellite intended for the transmission of multi-spectral high-resolution photos of the Earth's surface to ground stations via a broad-band radio-channel. The main imaging instrument for the Razdan project was reportedly under development at the Zverev plant in Krasnogorsk, possibly on a competitive basis with the LOMO company in St. Petersburg, which developed a similar optical payload for Persona. In the mid-2010s, the first of at least three satellites in the Razdan series was expected to be launched before the end of the decade, but the construction of the satellite had been repeatedly delayed by technical problems and restrictions on the supply of components to Russia. Starting on Dec. 6, 2023, tracking data indicated that the spacecraft had initiated a climb to a higher orbit. Within next three days, a perigee of its orbit increased from 293 to 299.6 kilometers and an apogee lifted from 312 to 322 kilometers. By Dec. 22, 2023, after some decay of the orbit, the satellite boosted its apogee, entering the 286 by 317-kilometer orbit.
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